the 99 critical shots in pool google book

The simplest type is a one-piece cue these are generally stocked in pool halls for communal use. Pool and snooker cues average around 57–59 inches (140–150 cm) in length and are of three major types. ' English', an American term for sidespin, derives from the British discovery of sidespin's effects, as 'massé' comes from the French word for 'mace'.

He called it 'twisting powder', and the magical impression this gave the public enabled him to sell it for a higher price than if they realized it was simply chalk in a small box. Between Carr and Bartley, it was discovered how ' side' ( sidespin) could be used to the advantage of players, and Carr began selling chalk in small boxes. The first systematic marketing of chalk was by John Carr, a marker in John Bartley's billiard rooms in Bath. In pre-tip days, it was common for players to twist the ends of their cue into a plaster wall or ceiling so that a chalk-like deposit would form on the end to reduce the chance of a miscue, thus giving rise to the modern billiard chalk. Mingaud is also credited with the discovery that by raising the cue vertically, to the position adopted by the mace, he could perform what is now known as a massé shot. In 1807, he was released and demonstrated his invention. François Mingaud was studying the game of billiards while being held in Paris as a political prisoner, and experimented with a leather cue tip. striking the bottom of the cue ball to make it go backwards upon contact with an object ball. The concept of spin on the cue ball was discovered before cue-tips had been invented e.g. The idea of the cue initially was to try to strike the cue-ball as centrally as possible to avoid a miscue.

The introduction of the cue, and the new game possibilities it engendered, led to the development of cushions with more rebound, initially stuffed with linen or cotton flocking, but eventually replaced by rubber. In public billiard rooms only skilled players were allowed to use the cue, because the fragile cloth could be torn by novices. The term 'cue' comes from queue, the French word for 'tail', in reference to this practice, a style of shooting that eventually led to the development of separate, footless cue sticks by about 1800, used initially as adjuncts to the mace, which remained in use until well into the 19th century. When the ball was frozen against a rail cushion, use of the mace was difficult (the foot would not fit under the edge of the cushion to strike the ball squarely), and by 1670 experienced players often used the tail or butt end of the mace instead.

The forerunner of the cue was the mace, an implement similar to a light-weight golf club, with a foot that was generally used to shove rather than strike the cue ball. Man playing billiards with cue and woman with mace, from an illustration in Michael Phelan's 1859 book, The Game of Billiards

The 99 critical shots in pool google book